Thursday, July 26, 2012

Construction sand and Gravel: Let us be Scientific.


Construction sand and Gravel: Let us be Scientific.

Times Of India second page carried a story today (July 25, 12) offering a solutions for the scarcity of construction sand as well as problems caused by continued borrowing of river channel sand. The proposed solutions center around dredging of sediment so far accumulated in the reservoirs (both Hydel and Irrigation) of Kerala. There is a suggestion in the article that the LDF Government had suggested this recourse and in fact launched sand collection from the reservoirs. True, there was attempts in Malampuzha and Aruvillara reservoirs as well as from the Veli Kayal.

The suggested positive aspects of the reservoir- derived sands are, a. it will to a large extent remedy the sand scarcity and hence a fall in market price, b. relieve the rivers of Kerala from their over exploitation for channel sand, leading to ecological death and c. it will raise the water storage of the reservoirs. All the suggested outcomes are superficially attractive to a lay mind.

However, the science of sand is mostly alien to the public as well as the journalists and naturally to the minister-politicians. Indeed it is such real sand situation. The current state of the rivers of Kerala are primarily the outcome of a ruling by the High court of Kerala, while disposing of a PIL filed by some of the concerned citizens.

The court while passing the judgement ordered that the volume of sand available for removal from the kadavus will be assessed by the CWRDM (for the rivers of north Kerala) and CESS (for the rivers of south Kerala). This happened in nearly a quarter century ago. The panchayaths those days collected huge revenue from the auctioning of right to collect sand from the various kadavus  and the CWRDM and CESS  also had a substantial piece of the pie.

As a consequence of continued and unabated removal of sand on the guise of the permits issued by CWRDM and CESS, we landed in a situation where all the rivers of Kerala are practically ecologically dead.

The  only natural recourse to save the rivers and run the construction industry, is to use sand manufactured by crushing of solid rock rubble coming off the quarries in the state or outside of the state. Our technology parks, high rise commercial and residential buildings, four lane roads, bridges, dams, the Vizhinjam harbor, seawalls etc need huge input of rock rubble in phenomenal quantities. In fact in all these constructions concrete is a principal ingredient, and the metal and sand going into these modern construction can no way be outsourced from Tamil Nadu or Karnataka, or from the already sediment (primarily sand) starved rivers.

We go to source such construction material from within the state and for that we will have to open up a large number of mega-rock-quarries.

Why rock crushed sand? We need a tutoring on Sand-101, i.e., how in the first place sand is formed.  Well what we generically designate as sand is primarily the fine aggregation of mineral quartz, which only forms 28% of the rocks exposed in the midland and highland of Kerala or for that matter in parts of Tamil Nadu or Karnataka. Mineral feldspar makes up 71% of the same rock, where as the remainder 1.0% is by accessories like ferromagnesian minerals and heavy minerals. The latter is what finally and annually accumulates in the beaches north of Chavara to Ambalappuzha as the famed black-sand deposits of Kerala.  Otherwise the black sand resides in the inner-continental shelf of Kerala. 

The second point is regarding the process that leads to the release of these various minerals from the parent rock. To the surprise of non-geologists, it is very close to a million years, or else, for one-meter cube of rock to transform to constituent minerals so that physical processes of surface erosion and transport can transfer the “transformed” rock to the river system.

The process of transformation is a dead slow process as the only reagent involved is water, humic acid (derived by the decay of fallen leaves) and carbonic acid (atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolving in to rain drops or otherwise available moisture).

Now what is the fate of the minerals like, quartz (28.0%), feldspar (71.0%) and accessories (1.0%). The rock decay, or chemical weathering in the parlance of geochemist, destroys all the feldspar to clay with an average particle size of 2.0 microns or less. The ferromagnesian minerals also transform to clay.  What are the survivors of the chemical weathering? They are the heavy minerals (part of 1.0%) and quartz (28.0%). This quartz sand is what we see as sand bars in the rivers (only in the historic past) and in the sea beaches.

Therefore, if Kerala is serious about modernizing infrastructure of sorts and if we do not come up with a substitute for concrete, we will have to make use of coarse and fine aggregates (i.e., metal and sand). It is better that we manufacture it from rock rubble of the stone quarries, existing or new ones.

In this context one may also keep in mind that concrete used in Idukki arch dam, consumed only manufactured coarse and fine aggregates. So is the case with the dam in Pamba which fuels the Sabarigiri Power house.

So the lesson to learn is if we need to save our river ecology, switch to “new generation” construction inputs. The longer the hesitation, the longer is the road to revive the river ecosystems.

                                                            ----------------  

Wednesday, July 18, 2012

Work Story 5, Thrivikramji, MA Romanova in the Dept. of Geology


PROF. M.A.ROMANOVA (A SOVIET MATH-GEOLOGIST) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF KERALA, (~1970 AD).
                       
            The Department of Geology moved from the city campus to the University Park, Kariavattom, during Dec. 1968. We, the faculty were only four in number; Prof. K.K.Menon, Shri.K.V.K.Nair, Mr.R.Krishnanath and me, Thrivikramji.K.P. Dr.Rajendran Nair rejoined the Department after his Ph.D(from Leningrad U), say in the academic year 1969-70. Mr. Raju Philip was in IITKh, with Prof. Asok Mukherjee doing his Ph.D.

This was closely followed by, a Soviet exchange visitor Prof. Maria A.Romanova (a Math-Geologist and an associate of Academician A.B.Vistelius) choosing to come to Kerala to be attached to the Dept. of Statistics.  Soon after her arrival in the University Park, Kariavattom, Maria discovered that a geologist (trained in USSR), versed in Russian language sat just one floor below her own host, the Statistics Department. In fact, after a brief discussion between Prof. Menon and Dr. (Ms.) A. George of Statistics, an office space was carved out for Maria in the room where Rajendran Nair sat.

This was like two birds in one shot for Dr. Romanova. For one thing, she is a Mathematical Geologist and had a geological troupe for her to mingle and discuss with. Secondly, presence of a Soviet returned scientist with good Russian language skill is an added attraction.

She had also brought along copies of the first issues of the journal of Mathematical Geology (a journal of the International Association Mathematical Geologists) edited by Daniel Merriam and Published by Plenum Press, NY. According to Dan (later narrated to me when I was in Syracuse), the idea of an association or platform for Mathematical Geology was mooted in one of the IGC’s (the 1968 IGC in Prague, which coincided with the march of Soviet tanks through the main street in Prague in order to tame the Check communist Party).

During my several hours of audience with Maria, there was frequent mention of names, like A.B. Vistelius (Soviet Academy of Sciences), Richard McCammon (Univ. of Chicago, Illinois circle), W.C. Krumbein (North Western University), John Harbaugh (Stanford), John Griffiths (Penn State), D.F, Merriam and J.C. Davis (Kansas Survey), S.V.L.N. Rao (IIT Kharagpur). The acquaintance with Maria, made me to resolve that I should go for a Ph.D. in Math-geology.

Interestingly, Dr. Romanova wanted to look up the geology around parts of southern states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala.  Though, the Dept. of Geology had no van or car for field visits of faculty and students, Maria had funds of her own to meet car hire costs etc. I had the great and fine opportunity to be part of the Romnaova team (others are Rajendran Nair and K.V.K.Nair) that toured the southern parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. We had camped in Kanyakumari (Vivekanandapuram) and Courtallumb(Guesthouse) before driving back home via, Shencotta. In the northern tour, it was the turn of Mr. Krishnanath to go along.

Now some geological details of the southern trip; the team always made a point to stop over to check out the exposures of crystalline rocks occurring either as sheet rock, or exposed in quarry floors and walls or along the right of way of the NH47 or the other arterial roads.

During the southern trip, we stumbled on calc-granulite, calc-gneiss exposures along the southern edge of the right of way of the Amaravila-Perumkadavila road, roughly 4-5 km away from the Amaravila check-post. It was interesting to note that neither the British Geologists (King, W or Foote, B) who covered south Travancore Geology nor the native ones who later reported on the Geology of south Travancore, did not make any report/mention of this outcrop or occurrence. However, in the 90’s, Santosh, M (CESS) and his co-workers had carried out extensive research on these rocks. 

Yet another piece of ‘new’ geology, is the serendipitous discovery of an occurrence of Kankar, at Kaliyikavila, again by the side of the Kanyakumari road and behind the Kaliyikavila Panchayth office  compound.The weathered profile exposed in a cut at the foot of a hill slope, and on the eastern side of the NH47, but immediately after passing the TNSTC garage at Kaliyikavila.The thin sections of samples of kankar, the transition rock and parent rock eminently displayed the process of gradual alteration of feldspar and replacement and its substitution withKankar.

Outside of this, we did not make many other geological discoveries. At Kanyakumari (our first overnight stay), we stayed in the Vivekanandapuram complex. Saw both the sunset in the evening as well as the sunrise in the following dawn. At Kanyakumari, the team inspected the beach rock platforms (on calcareous sandstone) to the west of Mahatma Gandhi Memorial. (We don’t see it any more as some‘wise men’with authority, decided to build a retaining wall to make a wider road with parallel parking strip). Then, we checked out the pocket beaches with quartz sand, garnet sand and ilmenite sand. The legend has it that these rice (quartz sand), bran (garnet), and charcoal (ilmenite) were thrown away intentionally to the sea, so that the she god in the temple at Kanyakumari will stay as a virgin.  In fact the grain etc., were meant for the feast after the marriage ceremony. Naturally, sea being what it is brings back every thing to the shore, instead of keeping it.

After watching the sunrise, we had breakfast Tamil Nadu style, at the Canteen. As usual, Maria got her thermos fully filled with sugar free black tea – a drink she deeply cherished and enjoyed both in the office at the University park,  as well as in the field. From, Kanyakumari we then drove down the Tirunelveli road toward Kavalkinaru but with a stop at Vattakottai- a historic fort along the Bay of Bengal waterfront and overlooking the ocean and at Leepuram beach.

The Vattakottai is now under the watch of the Archaeological Survey of India. The court yard of the fort is under one ha or there about in area. In the Maharaja days of the early 19th century, this place used to have a garrison, ammunition, canons etc. The rampart is connected to the courtyard with a wide ramp, through which men, canons, other supplies etc. could be quickly moved up to the rampart. The outer parapet of rampart has wide enough vertical slits to allow aiming of gun barrel against any enemy troupe. The entrance to the fort faces northerly.

There is no moat around this fort anyway. Perhaps, the expected enemy approach, was from the seaside made the builders to do away with the moats. The fort is constructed primarily with granite blocks and granite dimension stones. In contrast, the nearly a meter and a half wide walkway plus the slited parapet are made of brick, stone and plastered (where ever needed) with surki – a mixture of quicklime and sand in a ‘certain proportion’ along with some secret additives. The lore has it that primarily raw egg and molasse are some among the secret additives. Well, surki is the same building material that went into making of the Mullaperiyar dam. This fort is one of the last sea-side out posts of Maharaja of Travancore, who those days lived in the Padmanabhapuram place (the Maharaja and family). Adjacent to the western and south western basement of the fort, one could spot presence of a fossiliferous limestone with a huge semblance to the Quilon limestone, (Age:-Burdigalian). 

Then the party briefly stopped at Leepuram beach to take a closer look at the black sand concentrate in the beach. Maria was making comments about the vast plain land extending from the foot of the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats toward east and to the sea, and wondered if the sea waves had once crashed against the foot of the hills.

Another distinct and fresh recollection is about the water shower of the bathroom in the Courtallum guesthouse instantly going dry. I was only half way through the bath, and in fact laced with soap lather.  So were others. Maria, our Soviet math-geologist had her own room in the guest house while the rest of us shared a common room.  She too had the shower going instantly waterless, but never made any fuss about it. The ‘boys’ in the team had a bath in the Five falls (Ayyaruvi) at Courtallam, before we packed off to Campus on the nest day. In fact, when Maria went back to Soviet Union for good she left behind in my mind a fire to do a PhD in Math. Geology.
                                                            -------------------

Thursday, July 12, 2012


MUD BANKS OF(F) KERALA: FISHWORKER’S DELIGHT
Prof. Thrivikramji.K.P., University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus 695 581
thrivikramji@gmail.com
Introduction
Mud banks (MB) are very special to certain segments of the coastal waters of Kerala and were first reported by Bristo, the founder of the Cochin port. This phenomenon, not known elsewhere in the world is of interest not only to the fishing industry and Marine biologists, but also to physical and chemical oceanographers as well as geoscientists. The immediate attraction to the fishworkers is the very profitable fisheries opportunities due to very special fish species attached to the MB or fishing ground the mud banks are synonymous with. Further, such a phenomenon is also not noticed reported from elsewhere in the country. In what follows, one would come across a useful summary or rather a review of the various aspects the MB.

Fisheries potential
The huge fisheries potential that exist in the mud banks attract hundreds of migratory fish-workers with their crafts and tools, financiers, buyers, seasonal workers in peeling and processing units and others like truckers, porters, small business persons who find numerous but indirect business opportunities. Due to abundance of Prawns, sardines, mackerels and soles in the waters during the MB season, the small and big towns in the adjacent coastal land plunges into a frenzy, and Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai very aptly used this canvas for his great love story – Chemmeen, which later on Ramu Karyat immortalized in his epic film of the same name.
Previous work

Ever since Bristo made the first mention during his preliminary studies in connection with the design and development of the Cochin Port, the MB attracted the curiosity of geologists as well as Marine Biologists. The latter always worried and wondered about its fisheries potential, and the causative biological and physical and chemical parameters. The Geoscientist, on the other hand focused on the mineralogy of the (silty-, clayey-) sediment in suspension on the body of the MB, and thereby the source/s and the mechanism that triggered, maintained, even controlled the loci. Jacob, Dora, Narayana and Nair made significant contributions on the varied geological aspects, whereas, Kurup examined the phenomenon from a Physical Oceanographers standpoint.
What are MBs?

The MB are very special and uniquely present only in the coastal waters of Kerala and that too these become active only during the SW monsoon season. Another, attraction of the MB is the excellent fisheries potential they offer the fishing industry. This phenomenon appears only in the segment between Thirkunnapuzha and Kozhikode (distance=270Km). Another important attribute is that mud banks are migratory in nature, i.e., these migrate up coast or down coast, in that they do not recur in the same spot or sector year after year.

 Nair reports at least at 27 locations in this sector, where MB had appeared at one time or other. The marine geology of the MB sector is generalized as below. A map of the sea bed geology of the shelf published by Siddique, Mallick and Srivastava (1978), all of the Geological Survey of India, shows the presence of an inner-shelf mud in the MB region, in addition to a narrow ribbon of sand lacing the sea bed from north to south – a seaward extension of the sediment in the beach face.

Kurup reported that usually low phosphate content of the mud water rises during the MB generating SW monsoon season, but salinity down by 8% of the normal. The June-July period is roughest in the Laccadive Sea with highest 10% waves. Mud content in the range of 1200 mg/lit on the surface waters of MB to 1500 mg/lit in the bottom layer exists. The mud is characteristically made of clay (45-65%; Kaolinite, 60 to 65%; montmorillonite, 15-20%; and illite 15-20%; and traces of chlorite, quartz and gypsum), followed by silt and very little sand. The temperature between surface and bottom waters in the MB differs only by 1.0- 1.5 o C.

In the late sixties, a Norwegian research ship had collected bottom sediment samples in the coastal waters of the MB region. The samples archived in the KERI were studied for characterizing the clay mineralogy, and there is a report on the presence of coarse sand grade Selenite grains (crystals) - a transparent variety of gypsum – showing a nucleus of sand particle, clay lumps or shell fragments.

I believe that these Selenite grains would have rather formed in the pore waters of tropical beach sediment due to super-saturation of its pore water with respect to gypsum. Absence of such crystals in the eroding modern beach (sediment) then must be taken as a robust evidence for the occurrence of beach complexes (sand bodies) in the offshore that formed during the low sea level stands in the Pleistocene. Selenite along with the mud is stirred up by the wave climate of the SW monsoon. Kurup too supported a wave initiated triggering mechanism for the MB.

Why Mud-banks?
This phenomenon offering the twin benefits of (a). rather very safe and harbour like clam pool of water on its shore ward side, during the other wise hostile sea conditions and (b). a stupendous fishery potential, is an important contributor to the nations GDP. Therefore, from a scientific point of view, the mud banks are “an essential phenomenon” for the marine biologist and the Marine Geologist. More over, a coastal sea sans MB for Kerala and the nation will be equally devastating. The “erosion shadow” offered to the beach by the MB is equally beneficial to the settlers in the respective backshores, as well as to the exchequer. Therefore these themes have legitimately become a field of study to examine the sustainability of the phenomenon and resource potential.

The MB phenomenon has been attributed to mundane geological phenomenon like submarine spring sapping and the sea bottom sediment stirring monsoon wave climate. However, the investigations by various groups and individuals have come to suggest the role of waves on a sea bed with large quantity of dominantly muddy sediment. The migratory nature of mud banks obviously reflects the link between availability of suitable bottom mud (sediment) and wave climate – the latter however is a trans-Laccadive sea phenomenon. The nutrient that surfaces due to upwelling caused by the wave activity attracts marine life of sorts to this region creating a transient but rich fishing ground.

What lies ahead?
Considering the huge reserves of sandy-clayey, clayey bottom sediment that had been accumulating since the Pleistocene (since 1.8 Ma) in the continental shelf of Kerala, the state shall not have to worry about the rebirth of the MB in the coastal waters and hence the income from the MB related fisheries. The chances are that the size of reservoir of mud must be on the increase, as a result of selective shoreward transport of ilmenite rich sand (now exploited by the Rutile manufacturing industry), leaving behind a lag sediment rich in mud.
                                                                                                ----------------

Dr.Thrivikramji, Asst. Geologist, Work Story 4


Thrivikramji.K.P. shifted to Trivandrum Office
of Directorate of Geology
(Work story-4)

Once I went back to the Chalapuram office, in mid-March, 1967, within the stipulated time of one week, I finalized the accounts and cleared all the dues to the office. Completion of the scientific report was the second task. It took hardly another ten working days or so to submit the same to the geologist boss. By the end of first week of April, 1967, I was a freed bird. Enjoying gossip and contributing to the gossip or chats.

Down south in Trivandrum, by that time the University of Kerala started a search for two lecturers in the Dept. of Geology. In response to the advertisement, I filed a c.v. for the job. Yet, I earnestly believed that my chances of bagging an offer are extremely slim. For one thing, I am far outside of research and secondly the past experience (if a better qualified person shows up he/she will walk off with the job). In fact in the 1966 selection, a similar situation arose and the offer went to a PhD mineralogist. Yet, this time around only difference is the availability of two slots.
Alongside, my elder brother a politician without ambitions, through a compatriot of his was kind of pressing the Director to post me in the Trivandrum office. In general it is kind of difficult for many bosses to turn away the politicians if latter are quite determined. In my case, it was precisely so. There was a word from the Director that I will get top priority for a shift to Trivandrum, if an opening pops up in the Trivandrum office.
By the time Iyer completed his filing of the scientific report to the boss, he too was free. On Sundays and holidays, our driver Mr. Joseph will come to the Valiyadi estate lodge with a packet of pasteurized milk, like around 6 am or so. On such occasions, Joseph will take over all chores connected with cooking. He will buy beef from Meenchanda and all the other stuff to make a decent lunch for all the three or four of us.

One Mr. Gopi who instructored carpentry to a vocational institute in the neighbourhood, had given us some useful lessons about cooking beef curry, in the earlier days. Mr.Gopi is undoubtedly a connoisseur of good food. His physical appearance is the branding of his food habit. One useful lesson Mr.Gopi taught us was how to bringing of packet beef from the butcher at Meenchanda to Valiyadi estate. The sharp eyed falcons, perched on tall trees lining the road will be keenly watching from their vantage point, the passersby down below and will be looking for packets of beef, hand carried to home. The moment the large bird spots an unwary man or woman with a packet in the morning, the bird parachutes down to the packet and instantaneously grabs the packet by its claws to shoot and soar back up. Some unlucky persons, due to this falcon landing on their bodies lose their balance to fall down on the road and might even get injured. So Mr. Gopi told us to carry an umbrella open while coming back with the packet of beef. It was a very useful advice. We instructed Mr. Joseph to follow Mr. Gopi,s words of wisdom in letter and spirit, to avoid a fall and to save the beef for making a delicious dish, which he meticulously practiced.

One other thing needing record about my Kozhikod life, is about a little girl doing her assignments, in the verandah of her house adjacent to and on north side of the road from the third or fourth railway gate to the beach. That street is known for a large clustering of Gujarathis of Kozhikod. Our team (Iyer, Nair and I) on certain evenings would take a walk through this street to the beach. On our way down and up I took note of this cute little girl in her petticoat. She probably was doing her middle school. However, later on during the Naxal movement in Kerala, this girl participated in the Pulpally police station attack. She is Ms.Ajitha, daughter of Mandakini and Kunnikal Narayanan. Now, Ms. Ajitha leads a NGO, named Anweshi based in Kozhikod, with the noble mission of protecting the women and women’s causes and rights.
It was a pleasant surprise for me to have earned a transfer to Trivandrum from Kozhikod. With the permission and warnings from my geologist boss, I left to Trivandrum by an and evening  bus. In fact my friends gave me warm hearted send off. At the Kozhikod bus station I was planning to take the Kannur Deluxe to Trivandrum so that I will be home by the early dawn. Then, my friends in the bus station advised me to catch the first available bus to Kochi, so that I can hop into the Kannur Deluxe with no difficulty at all. The bus will be nearly empty by the time it reaches Kochi. I did exactly the same thing. I reached Kochi like at 12:30 am and in no time the deluxe express arrived. I boarded the bus and after buying the ticket started dozing off. I would become alert only when the driver does a hard brake to stop the bus or to avoid a certain road situation. I remember having opened my eyes from sleep at Chertala and thereafter at Alappuzha. After Alappuzha, near Karuvatta, I suddenly woke up by a very loud thud and a rattling of the bus. When I became alert I saw the bus turned turtle. In fact inside the bus, I was standing with my feet on the ceiling of the bus, all the passenger seats kind of hung from above my head. There were only just 13 passengers and crew. I heard one woman wailing about her husband’s face with shut eye. The conductor was loudly shouting about his professional cash bag. Otherwise, it was calm.

Around 4:0 am, the south bound bus, while negotiating a right hand curve, ran across the northbound lane and plunged into a wayside pond and in that process turned turtle. Roughly the front half of the bus was under water. But, luckily bus was not entirely flooded but for the front end. In minutes I started shouting that the driver might be drowned to death as his seat was fully under water. In the next, instance I saw the man walking on his legs from the water in the pond, with his gold chain in tact around his neck. In fact, one older official, a security officer of the Bus Corporation died by drowning inside the bus as he himself was seated in a VIP seat or seat one in the bus. My seat was 13 and I sat without my shoes on.

The bus was surrounded by members of the local community. I got my composure back and walked toward the main door of the bus which is at the rear left side. I had only a tote bag with me, but never worried about my pair of shoes. Also I was very eager to get out of the scene, as I had left one day earlier to my official departure from Kozhikod. The crowd shouted at me to get out of the bus. Then suddenly the bus pivoted on the edge of the embankment started sort wobbling or mildly rocking. So I was afraid to get out of the bus fearing that if I was keeping the bus at stable equilibrium, my walking out might make the bus overturn on me. I was mortally afraid of taking that decision to get out. In fact some member of the crowd literally grabbed me out of the bus.

The next moment I saw yet another bus of the bus corporation, making a sudden stop across the road at the sight mishap. I saw the crew walking toward the capsized bus and spotted a familiar face among the three member crew, i.e., a person who lived in the Valiyadi estate lodge. After informing him, I boarded that bus and headed to Trivandrum.There is a specific reason for this early morning escape from the scene of accident. If stayed back my name will go to the passenger list of the ill fated bus in the next day’s news paper. I did not want any one the Trivandrum office to know that I did travel one day earlier from Kozhikod unofficially, putting the geologist boss to answer some inconvenient questions raised by the Diretorate at Trivandrum. My decision to board another Trivandrum bound bus, took me home by about seven o clock in the morning. The next day was a Friday and stayed home till dusk.
On the following Monday, I went to the directorate to report and take charge. I had plenty of advice to behave correctly as the director was already fuming with my presence, as I earned the shift to Trivandrum politically and against the will of the boss. Within two months of my work in the Trivandrum office, I received a letter directing me and another Nair who was still at the Kozhikod office, to join the newly created ground water wing of the Agriculture department. There was some more paper work to be concluded. I was pretty much decided on joining the new Ground Water Cell. The Nair joined the GW Cell finally, while I went to take up a lecturer’s job.
Due to that delay I was send to a drilling camp for clay at Sasthamkotta, on the east shore of the Sasthamkotta kayal. The rig was setup in the property of a political-activist (Kerala Congress), one Mr Thomas at Muthuvila, on the eastside of Sasthamkotta-Kallada rd.. I chose to be a paying guest in their house. The home faced easterly overlooking the Chittumala kayal. 
While I was in the camp, I like others, would go home during alternate weekends but unofficially. On one of my visits, amma gave me a letter which wanted me to appear for an interview in the University for selecting lecturers. The geologist in charge of drilling got permission for me or approval from higher ups to go on a day’s leave from the camp to attend the interview.
That Critical day arrived and I appeared for the interview. I had questions from experts like Prof. Viswanathaih (Mysore U), Prof. MGC Naidu (SV U) and Prof. CKN Nair (Agri. College). My Prof. KK Menon though sat in the committee did not ask any. The Dean of Faculty, Prof. A. Abraham had one or two questions. For one thing there were absolutely no erroneous answers. Several others also appeared before the selection committee.

After the interview which lasted for about 20 min., in the forenoon, I went back home in town, just to change clothes and sat down for a lunch. For the questions about my chance to be selected I said it was fifty-fifty game. In the evening, around four pm or so, I was walking past the University College. I noticed a car went past but very close to me to come to a complete halt. The person driving the car hailed me toward him. It was shri.KVK Nair one of my teachers in the MSc class.
From his seat the car, I was told that Prof. Menon was looking for me after their lunch, but felt sort of bad due to my absence anywhere near Department. In reply I informed Shri.KVK, that right away I will walk down to Prof. Menon's home. The walk down hardly took only 20 min., and once I entered the gated compound, I saw the expert professors and Prof. Menon. I was mildly reprimanded for not staying back to see this special crowd outside of the interview. Then after pause, Prof. Viswanathaiah announced with the permission of the other two, that I was in the appointable list. I got to work hard and earn a doctorate in Geology and teach and train younger people.

I was indeed happy beyond words could describe. I landed finally in my chosen field; my passion was for teaching and researching. I walked back home with boundless joy and the new achievement equally enthused my parents and brother. The following day, in the early morning, I got back to the camp. And attended my duties till the drilling camp closed after 45 days. Mr.Thomas and family, in Muthupilakad, also congratulated me at the selection.
In the office on return from the camp, I walked into the director’s chamber to report the new grab I made. That man did not care to look at my face or to offer a seat, instead he continued with whatever signing he was doing. When I received a memo from the university signed by the Registrar asking me to join and take charge as lecturer, my office asked me to give a written request for relieving me to join the new job. The Director’s office also insisted that the letter seeking relief shall have a statement that I will not demand any future claims for any job in the Directorate of Geology. I prepared the letter the way the boss wanted. But I was relieved of the job to join me as lecturer in the university on the FN of 18-3-68. A wonderful transition for much better stuff in future.

                                                            -----------------


Wednesday, July 11, 2012

Dr. Thrivikramji.K.P., Asst. Geologist, Work Story-3


Dr. Thrivikramji.K.P., Work Story-3
(Asst.Geologist, Directorate of Geology),

With the new offer of appointment as Asst. Geologist, (with a rider warning me to meticulously observe the service rules), I took a bus to Kozhikod, to report for duty to the Geologist, in his Chalapuram office. I was received jubilantly by my friends - two nairs and one Iyer as well as the boss - yet another nair. The supporting staff also cordially welcomed me.

After formally signing the register to join duty in last week of Dec.1966, keeping with our earlier routine, we walked out to the street for a cup of coffee and snacks. Our usual place was the Tea stall run by the Co-operative Milk Marketing federation in the Kallayi rd. The place was not a great looking one, yet it was attractive for our age group, as our seats looked-over a bus shelter, which most of the day time had a crowd of the fair sex and one or two with outstanding build and colour.

I preferred to stay in the Valiyadi estate lodge, where I had earlier forged some good linkages with several other residents. In fact I and Iyer were the only PG degree holders in a crowd of high-schoolers.  Outside of my professional friends, I still recall names like Jagannadan (a senior conductor, KSRTC), Mr. Unnikrishna Pillai (Inspector, KSRTC), Mr Sreedharan Nair (Inspector, KSRTC). In addition there were several others who say hello to always.

My own friends, Nair and Iyer (my room-mate at Valiyadi) were always together in a bunch, except when Nair goes home to Trivandrum. In fact, among the three Nairs in the office, the only one Nair was married and had the first boy child. So, this Nair made at least three monthly trips home.

Once I joined the office, the boss, assigned Iyer and me on field programs. Iyer had an easy field area as the lodging and fooding were on gratis. The Iyer team was assigned china clay exploration- a mineral deposit of great acclaim in that part of the state.

On the other hand, I and another Nair were put in charge of exploring for magnetite- quartzite in parts of Malapuram. In the sixties, Iran had showed some keen interest in the West coast magnetite. Several visits by Iranian teams or their Japanese consultants had taken place. as the Iranians had fairly deep interest in the magnetite ore. For example, the Kudiramukh iron ore deposit of Karnataka was taken up for exploration and exploitation by the NMDC for supply to the Iranian mills. 

It is routine for the geologist-boss to introduce the field team to a new filed area of work. So, I and Nair were driven in the office jeep to Angadipuram near Perinthalmanna, in Malppuram dist now (and Kozhikod dist then). Our boss geologist paid for our lunch anyway on the first day and in the afternoon drove back to office at Chalapuram, Kozhikod. We decided to do a reckie from Angadipuram. Most of the known slag fields from historic days are northerly of Angadipuram. Legend has it that these slags were the remains of the crude style iron ore smelting, where in the iron ore is buried into a huge hearth made of local timber. And after several days of firing, the refined iron is recovered, which goes into making of implements and tools used during the days of Tippu Sultans ‘padayottam’  or march of army men. However, the left over slag due to its own heft is not eroded off. Thus we had a surface clue as to the location and extent of the quartz-magnetite reefs.

After spending the first field night in a lodge at Angadiuram, by early morning on the next day, we took a bus to a village, where Mr Abdur Rahman Baffakki Thangal presided over an Arabic College. Mr. Thangal a top brass of Indian Union Muslim League. He commandeered huge respect from the Muslims as well as non-Muslims in the area. Our intention in calling on this dignitary was to gain some kind of indirect introduction to the members of the majority community - Muslims- of the area, so that our stay and work will be quite smooth. Indeed, it worked very well.

We had absolutely no problem in securing a partially done house with shutters on the doors but sans electricity or toilet and bath, for our stay and operations. The only drawback was about fooding in the mornings and evenings. The sector was practically free of any kind of shop vending the immediate essentials. As the backyard of our house was large enough we could solve the second problem first i.e., attending the natures call. In fact, the house owner, a thangal on his own right had dug a well in the homestead. The compound was fenced off with tender bamboo pieces (sticks and branches), and had a wicket gate (with horizontally placed bamboo sections, to ward off cattle from the compound.  

As far as bathing went, we had to get permission to use a private pond (roughly 100 m away from our compound but facing a patch of paddy field) owned by a “poor- royal-family”, with connections to the Zamorins of Kozhikod. We were advised by one of our Muslim field guides to approach the 'king' of the Kovilakom or the homestead of king, for permission to access their own small pond to meet our bathing needs.

So, Nair and I walked down to their compound and to the front yard facing the verandah of the matted-palm-leaf-thatched house, with a self introduction. But the word has already reached the Kovilakom that two young officials from the State (in the early days of Indian states reorganization, Travancore was designated as state) have rented out Thangals house in the neighbourhood. We told the man in his early forties (but definitely appeared much older) wearing the usual dhothy and an ‘undersized’ bath-towel like cotton cloth wrapped over the shoulder, our intention of the visit. Truly, without any deep thinking or pondering, the head-man of the house granted permission to use their pond. Only suggestion to us was not to go to the pond after sunset. For one thing to avoid embarrassing the women folk, who would be bathing with bare bosoms – a common practice in Malabar those days.  Secondly, during night time walking to the pond one has to be careful about loafing reptiles. The terms of use were quite acceptable and we started going to the pond from the next day onwards. The field coolie was surprised by the response of the family, because generally accessing the pond is denied to one and all.

During our foot work, we struck friendship quickly with one Mr Abdulkader – a primary school teacher from Angadipuram, but teaching in a local school - the entire community called him mash – colloquial word for master. The friendship with mash created a wider network of other friendly youngsters. Two significant points about this mash. One, he was the local expert snake disabler in the community. As he belonged to Angadipuram, only on weekends his services were unavailable.  Whenever a poisonous snake is spotted, word will be send to mash, who will rush to the spot on bicycle and launch the operation-disablement.

The process starts like this. First, a javelin or spear carved out of a bamboo split or arecanut palm split. The good thing about these spears is that they are strong and rarely bend or break while in use. The step two is spotting the hiding snake by straightening the rat-hole by widening to get a full unhindered view of the deadly beast. Step three is quick and brisk action of driving the sharp end of the spear directly on the holed in snake. In the next instant mash will hook the snake and get it out for the crowd to beat and stone the poor animal to death beyond doubt.

Secondly, during summer festive season, mash used to guide and take us to the festival grounds around our camp. It was certainly a great feast for our eyes as we get a chance to see the parading village girls and mid-aged women, along with the staging of drama, music concerts and so on.

Once we befriended with mash, we were looking for a better place with some more neighbours. We located one-room- upstairs of a tea shop run by one Aboo. The rent was only ten rupees monthly. The advantage was the breakfast cooked to our liking and choice by Aboo. For cooking the evening meal, we are free access to Aboo’s open kitchen. So un-hesitantly, Nair and I shifted our stuff to Aboos. The structure was of course very new, yet without plastering of walls both inside as well as outside. Of course we had to sleep on a blanket spread on the floor. Toilet was the open field or the side of rail road connecting Nilambur and Shorannur. Water was not at all scarce as the smaller streams always had a string of flowing water. We had to do bathing in the river, which is only less than three kilometers one way if we walked along the rail track. .  

The Aboos Teashop is seasonal in that during the harvest and sowing seasons only the shop attracted customers. As it was the harvest season, summer, several farm workers (both genders) thronged to the shop for their morning food and tea. Once the farm worker crowd is out, it is our turn for food.

One or two words about the farm hands will be in order. Majority are harijans or members of the scheduled caste. In the sixties, the culture of Malabar did not call for covering of the upper torso of women while taking bath in river or pond. However, the girls of the scheduled caste wore a jumper only till their marriage. But after marriage and child birth, they covered their bosoms only with several layers of beaded necklaces. In other words the weather beaten bosom is there in the open if one cared to a look at.

Our morning breakfast served by Aboo is quite sumptuous. The dosa made of paste raw rice flour is topped with one or two whole eggs while it is on the grill. I always had three or four such dosas but my friend Nair never ate that many. We may also go for one or two cups of the Aboo tea.

Our noon meal was really non-descript. What most of the time we get is only black tea and that too is with the kindness of the man or woman in charge of a bi-session- only tea shops in the interior villages. I always preferred a hot black tea mixed with one or two eggs poured into the boiling tea. It assured a comfortably belly-full that I can ignore food needs and be focused on what I do. The supper was quite exciting. Nair was in charge of cooking and took care of the dishes. We procured by payment of course, a certain volume of home milled raw rice. That family also used to give us pickle of some sort and curd or yogurt- both came as freebees.

Nair will cook the raw rice say after seven or so in the evening when our Aboo packs off for home. I keep all the supplies and the other essentialities ready for Nair to earnestly work on, while listening to songs in a SW radio. Once cooking is done we finish our supper, and I take over the last chore, which is cleaning and washing the pots and pans. Occasionally, mash too will join to taste the food cooked by Nair.

We took Sundays off our work. On one of those afternoons when we came back after work, Aboo, called and informed us about some guests who came in a Government Jeep are looking for us. Well it was a team of young soils men who worked for the Kerala Soil Survey. They had a hard time to locate alkaline soils in parts of Plakkad dist, about which their own Director, (Dr. CKN Nair) wrote a scientific paper and published. As soon as we met each this dilemma was presented to us and enquired if any one of us could help them to locate the alkaline soil sections before their own Director makes a field visit. I replied in the affirmative to earn quick invitation to travel with them to their field camp in Mannarkkad. I agreed to and left the camp to Nair and left for Mannarkad to reach there later in the night. We had good food and coloured local brew to top it.

The next day early in the morning we started off in the jeep, and I sat on the front seat at the edge to get a better view of the soil sections exposed along the remade road side gutters. Within half an hour of journey I had hit the jackpot – the alkaline soil. Such sections always had white Kankar cobbles and pebbles exposed on the face of newly opened cuts.

I came back to my camp directly from the field. During the same week, our boss asked us close the camp and return to the office, in order to settle the accounts and to work on the report. So, by the first week of March, 1967, we got back to Chalapuram office by the office Jeep.
                                                            ------------------
                                     


Tuesday, July 10, 2012

THRIVIKRAMJI. K.P.– WORK STORY-2.


THRIVIKRAMJI. K.P., (WITH DIRECTORATE OF GEOLOGY) – WORK STORY-2.
Soon after my graduation in 1965, I had been assisting Prof. KK, Menon  (my own Professor) by readying sediment samples and/or sedimentary rocks in the laboratory for various downstream analyses. The year 1965 went off in the midst of many significant events. For example, one needing record is the award of a fellowship by the Ministry of education, Govt. of India to study for a Ph.D., in the USSR and in the Patrice Lumumba Friendship University (PFU), Moscow.
In fact, Rajendran Nair (one of the two lecturers in the Department) too had an offer of fellowship by the Ministry of Education to study in Leningrad University, USSR. Nair took the offer and packed off to Leningrad toward the end of 1965.   I did not accept the offer of fellowship and instead chose to stay back hoping that when university makes a search for a new lecturer I might get that offer. I took the million-dollar decision based on two premises. One, that I might stand a pretty good chance at the selection for filling the position left open by Mr. Nair. Secondly, for reasons of their own, my parents did not approve of or diffident about my trip to Moscow as I was only at the vibrant age of 22 yr.  
In fact, immediately after Rajendran Nair went off, based on a formal written request, the university administration appointed me as Instructor in Geology, till a new person is selected and appointed for the job. I started teaching in the first week of Jan. 1966. An event I still recall in first or second week of my joining, is the crash of an Air India Boeing 707 in the Mt.Blanc in Alps, killing every one onboard including Dr Homi Bhabha  - father of Indian Nuclear Science &Technology. I was teaching the Applied Geology course for the final year and structural geology maps for the first year. The Geology department those days was housed in the space now used by the IMK of the University of Kerala. I had a reasonably good time in the class. I had a set of excellent lecture notes given to me by Rajendran Nair to rely on.  Interestingly, some members of the final year class were my own classmates and very good friends. I prepared for the class really hard and my first lecture lasted for a good two and a half hours.

My over-optimism (on the prospect of a permanent place in the University Department), made me oblivious of the fact that in a selection process many things could go against one. It did happen, when the university selected and offered semi-senior mineralogist with a Ph.D degree for the job. I was saddened deeply by the news of the offer going to another distinguished geologist. With a swollen and grieving heart I walked into the office of a senior Professor in the University, who also sat in the selection process. The moment he let me in the dam of agony broke open wetting my face with string of tears.  This professor spoke to me after offering a seat; consoled me by saying that it is not the end of the world and as young professional I will have plenty of opportunities in future. I had a chance to drink a cup of coffee that was offered to me by this academic.

This agonizing event was followed by one of ecstasy, when I had the first offer of a job to be a Asst. Geologist working (then temporarily) for the Directorate of Geology, Govt. of Kerala. There was a down side to the job, i.e., I was working with those guys who I taught in the early 1966. But this feeling soon weathered off and I enjoyed my posting with Iyer at Kozhikod Regional Office. The Director himself was sort of keenly displeased with me for more than one reason. For example, when the Department did not have any qualified professional at the entry level, I cared less about. Even after applying for the job through the Public Service Commission, I failed to appear for the selection. Mr.San got selected from among the only candidate turned up for the selection process.

The appointment was temporary and posting was at Kozhikod roughly 400 km away from my home and home town and I travelled with Iyer to Kozhikod. It was a bus trip – one bus from Trivandrum to Kochi and a second bus from Kochi to Payyanur. We got off around the evening and went to Mankavu – to stay overnight with a family that Iyer knew. Next day we went to the office at Chalapuram, roughly behind the landlords own house and opposite to the Ganapathy High school for boys. We reported to the Geologist for duty - a senior officer with so much of grievance against the seniors and the Directorate, otherwise a wonderful elderly person who treated the younger professionals with love and right to correct.


One Mr Nair, who studied with me in the undergraduate class, invited both of us (Iyer and me) to check out his place for stay.  We checked out the place (The Valiyadi estate, Meenchanda) and liked it for the rustic look, cheap rent and a village like setting. We went to a watering hole, to the west of the Valiyadi estate and to the west of the railroad. We had a moderate share of the fluid to enjoy. Nair then earnestly took us over to dinner, in a teashop, where we had beef stew and Pathiry. A dinner I still cherish. Yet, I enjoyed thoroughly my stay in Kozhikod, my first stay away from home and without any surveillance. I smoked rather heavily, finishing off a pack of 20 ‘Panama’ on a day. Boozed with friends at least once a month. Loafed around with my intimate friends in the backwaters of Meenchanda.

A brief note about the Valiyadi estate. I shared a room with Iyer in the Valiyadi estate on the west side of the Kozhikod-Kochi highway.  The Valiyadi estate, a large imposing factory shed with tall ceiling and double-pitched-roof covered with red tiles hung above us sleeping in the rooms. The factory floor was partitioned into two rows of rooms with doors and windows opening into a hallway. The walls separating the rooms never rose above the doorposts. Ventilation was aplenty as the roof stood at height of about 5.0 m above. You could only whisper inside your room. There were no attached toilet or bath facilities. The toilet battery stood at least 15 m. away from the rooms.  An Iyer run canteen was part of establishment; it had a cheap look and price food was also cheap.

In the mid 60’s, Meenchanda was a sleepy wayside settlement with rows of shops on either side. A road branched off to Beypore a port of a sort. There was a large but dilapidated temple pond with several bathing ghats to the east side of a Hindu temple. On holidays or weekends, if you walked along the track bordering the pond, you get a feeling that nearly most of the female folk of the locale gravitated to the pond to wash clothes and bathe. In fact, customarily, while bathing, women did not cover their upper torso with a bath towel of any sort. This practice was part of the ancient culture of Malabar.

But I had to leave the job abruptly by September to get ready for the 1966 Civil Services Examination to be held in October/November months. My chosen center was University College, Trivandrum. So I left Kozhikod, on a leave of absence, and my request (for the same), was summarily rejected by the Directorate and consequently I lost the job. Though I took the written examinations in right earnest, I did not qualify in written part and especially in the English essay. Then I waited till Dec., 66/Jan.,67 or so, to earn an offer of appointment, from the Directorate of Geology, GoK, after a selection process in the Public Service Commission, Kerala.  The order issued by the Directorate offering me job however had an extra letter signed by the Director, warning me not to repeat violation of service rules like I did earlier while going away for the 1966 Civil Services Examination. However, I did not consider that warning as a serious blow as I was ranked only in the third place. I reported for duty at Kozhikod Office, and started living in the Valiyadi Estate by sharing the room with Iyer. 
The lesson I learned as a young and a hardworking student was that academic achievements always do not stand in good stead in the professional track. At the time of selection the committee did not consider my outstanding merit over the rest while ranking me. Instead, the first place went to my classmate and a fellow who earned the third or fourth place in the MSc class. The second rank went to a man who studied junior to me. As an instructor I had taught that man too. Moral of the story is - you do not win all. Secondly, during selection, factors other than academic merit are factored in.
                                                                ----------------------- 

Monday, July 9, 2012

Founding of the Department of Geology, University of Kerala.


Dr.Thrivikramji.K.P. (Work Story-1)

I started my research career immediately after completing the M.Sc degree from the University of Kerala in June, 1965. I belonged to the first batch or was a member of the class of 1965.However, I was clueless about what exactly I shall be focusing at after the MSc course. In fact, the faculty of the department also did not explicitly tell me as to what are the avenues open before me or the career tracks available to a post graduate in the country. In fact no suggestions whatsoever was offered by the faculty..

But only one man in the faculty, Prof Menon, suggested that if I were free and willing I could assist in the lab work in his research. Indeed, it was very exciting to me and I jumped into it. My family also did not object to this idea. Imagine, an invitation or offer thrown at you from the boss. The next day onwards, I started going over to lab.  I rode my bicycle to the campus at Palayam. Dad gave a rupee or two routinely to meet to buy a lunch. I loved to eat in the Aruna Lodge, Palayam..These days the place is renamed as Aruna Hotel.

Being an ex-student assisting the boss, I had unrestricted access to every nook and corner of the lab and the library, which by any standard had an excellent collection of books and journals. For all intents and purposes, i was like a research scholar but with special rights.

I had been to the trips along with Prof. Menon. For e.g., one trip I distinctly remember is the one to Padappakara along the SEastern shores of Ashtamudi Kayal. The intent was collection of samples from the type area.Professor did demonstrate the process of field work, like locating in the topographic sheet, observing the out crop from distance and very closely, discriminating the different exposed sediment layers, carefully gathering a piece each of the layers and packing them carefully with appropriate labels and taking field notes etc.. The personal car of Prof. Menon was the field vehicle. Thus I was introduced to this kind of learning. I distinctly remember our eating lunch in the VRR of Kollam train station. On our way home, we had vada and tea in the same place. At Padappakara, I heard stories about Dr.A.k.Dey (of GSI, who looked at the macrofossils of the Quilon Limestone) from an elderly man- a retired school teacher. In fact he had anecdotal narrations about the British resident of Travancore, who visited the Padappakara limestone.

Later, Prof Menon had landed a paper in the journal of the Indian Academy of Sciences. We had an excellent binocular microscope for checking the specimens to look for structures and matrix as well as frame work grains. Obviously I had little role in the fine checking specimens, as it was beyond my capabilities. But I had gotten these ready on the binocular microscope stage on a 6x6 in., white glazed porcelain tile. In fact one of the two binocular microscopes (one with a black body) was transferred to Dept. of Geology. Prof. K.K.Nair, Dept. of Zoology was the donor. 

Prof. Menon during those hours of keen examination of the samples used to narrate his training with Prof. Longwell at the Yale University. Indeed, I learned and picked up good deal of knowledge during such sessions.

Now the question regarding the founding of the Department of Geology, It was in the middle or second half of month of June, 1963, that I met my class mate P.Krishnamoorthy at  Palayam near the VJ Town Hall. Murthy told me that Prof. Menon had informed him that he secured a first class in the BSc degree examination. And if I am curious, I too can go to the Geology Department and find out my position in the examination.

In fact, I dashed through the campus to the office of Prof. Menon. I was called in. Then I was told that I had a first class and I stood first in the graduating class. Obviously questions regarding the future study plans I had in mind informed to the Professor. (I had secured admission to the three year M.Tech., in Applied Geology at Saugar University. In fact top students from Kerala University had discovered this place).  Mr. KVK Nair was seated in the guest chair, with Prof. Menon. 

Then, Mr. Nair added that Prof. Menon is no longer with the University College, instead he is the reader in charge of the newly created department of Geology in the University and there is a pretty high chance that the new department will offer a new course in MSc Geology. The notification is in the pipe line.  Prof. Menon told me that he took charge as Reader-in-Charge on June 24, 1963. Thus that day is the foundation day of Dept. of Geology. A copy of a signed page of a register with Prof. Menon’s signature follows. Sri. KVK Nair handed over the charge of the new department to Prof. Menon.